Dense active suspensions, such as those formed by swarming bacteria, constitute a type of active matter that is particularly hard to model.

Experimental techniques have demonstrated the ability to alter the collective dynamics of active systems with various types of external perturbations.

Some collective states in active matter exhibit topological properties through the formation of vortices and defects. In some living systems, defects have been shown to have important biological functions.

The spatial organisation of proteins into dense condensates, widely attributed to nonequilibrium phase separation, offers a route to recruit or sequester proteins involved in functions at the cellular level.

Owing to their active nature, interactions between migrating cells can be non-reciprocal. However, the extent to which cells control their collective behaviour through non-reciprocal interactions remains unclear.

Active field theories are widely used to study collective effects in driven systems at all levels of organisation, allowing instabilities to pattern formation to be identified.

While active matter theory has successfully advanced our understanding of the collective dynamics resulting from individual sources of activity, multiple active processes usually act in concert in real biological systems.

Collective cellular activity and self-organisation phenomena arising from non-equilibrium activity are ubiquitous in tissues and cellular aggregates. However, the relationship between individual properties and biological patterns remains unexplored.